Figure of speech
भाषेचे अलंकार
1) simile उपमा
A direct comparison between two different objects is called simile.
दोन भिन्न गोष्टीतील साम्य वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला उपमा अलंकार म्हणतात.
अशा वाक्यात like, as, so अशा तुलनादर्शक शब्दांचा वापर केला जातो.
Ex- Suresh is as strong as ramesh
I was wondering like a cloud over the deep valley.
It is as clear as crystal.
Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild.
Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green.
White as a feather and white as a cloud
Tanaji fought like a lion.
The city come on growing like wilderness
Life is just like a dream to us.
Her face is like a red rose.
They behave like wild animals.
Tagore's poems are like the message of God.
The old man looks like a sage.
The meandering road lies like a shaped carpet made from the hides of spotted deer.
The God like speed which throbbed in this white wing.
2) metaphor रुपक
Metaphor is an implied simile in which there is comparison of one thing with another without the words like or as.
दोन वस्तू एकरुप किंवा अभिन्न असल्याचे वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला रुपक अलंकार असे म्हणतात.
Ex- Love is a thorn if youth is a rose.
Ministers are the pillars of the state.
The camel is the ship of the desert.
Mirror is the eye of little God.
My mother is a goddess.
Tea is the nector to the earth.
Life is a dream.
Such is our mother earth my brother's land.
3) personification चेतनगुणोक्ती
Personification is a figure in which objects without life are spoken of as having the qualities of human beings.
निसर्गातील निर्जीव वस्तू सजीव आहेत अशी कल्पना करुन ती मानवाप्रमाणे वागतात, असे वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला चेतनगुणोक्ती अलंकार असे म्हणतात.
Ex- death lays his icy hands on kings.
Anxiety is sitting on his face.
The hills rejoice and clap their hands.
In the mean time life steals away.
The city goes on growing.
The bird carries a message.
The cuckoo flies with the forecast of rain.
Come little leaves said the wind one day.
The tree king shouted.
Light retreats
World you are beautifully drest
The city climbs the bare mountain
Land of our birth we pledge to the thee
Coldly gaped the moon
Stars danced in the sky.
The wind howls.
The apple tree said
Winter had called them.
The snow laid a coverlet over their heads.
4) Apostrophe परोक्षसंबोधन
An apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent or to a personified object or idea.
मृत व्यक्ती, अनुपस्थित वस्तू, मनुष्यगुणांचा आरोप असणार्या वस्तू किंवा कल्पना यांचा उल्लेख करणार्या अलंकाराला परोक्षसंबोधन अलंकार म्हणतात.
Ex- O liberty! What crimes have been made in the name.
Death, be not proud.
Frailty, thy name is woman.
O Duty, stern daughter of the voice of God.
Good bye, my dear old home.
Bapu, India is in need of you today.
O motherland, we pledge to thee.
Cricket, good bye, we've been friends so long!
5) Antithesis
In Antithesis, there is a striking opposition of contrast of words or feelings. It is employed to secure emphasis.
Ex- well begun is half done.
Man proposes, God disposes.
Many are called, few are chosen.
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
A jack of all trades but master of none.
6) Epigram
An Epigram is a brief pointed saying frequently introducing antithetical ideas which excite surprises and arrest attention.
It closely resembles a proverb.
Ex- they also serve who only stand and wait.
Failures are pillars of success
A favourite has no friend.
Familiarity breeds contempt.
7) Paradox
Paradox is a figure of speech in which a truth is conveyed under the form of an apparent absurdity or contradiction.
Ex- Our sweetest songs are those that tell us saddest thoughts.
The king is dead, long live the king.
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
More haste, less speed.
When all speak, never hear.
He is the best teacher who teaches least.
8) Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a figure in which two contradictory qualities are predicted at once of the same thing.
Ex- parting is such sweet sorrow.
He is regularly irregular.
He is idly busy
He is an honorable villain.
The bride's mother felt a pleasing distress.
The test match is a friendly strife.
9) Irony
Here words are used with opposite intention. We mean the opposite of what we say and that intention is clear.
Ex- he left me to the tender mercies of my enemy.
What a fine mess of things you have made!
I fear I wrong the honorable men whose daggers have stabbed Caesar.
10) Euphemism
In this figure unpleasant or bad things are spoken in mild words and pleasant manners.
Ex- he does not keep very exact accounts.
You are telling me a fairy tale.
He is a queer person.
11) litotes
It is the use of a negative to express a strong affirmative of the opposite kind.
Ex- I am not a little surprised.
Life is not a bed of roses.
The man is no fool.
I am a citizen of no mean city.
12) Metonymy
It means a change of names and
is so called because in this figure a thing is spoken of not by its own name but by any other name.
Ex- I have read Shakespeare.
The school is coming out.
I like the cup that cheers.
Hitler showered death on London.
Synecdoche
By this figure one noun is changed for another of a similar meaning
Ex- he was put in irons.
Many hands make light work.
He is the ceaser of the age.
He lived twenty summers.
14) Interrogation
Interrogation is the asking of a question not for the sake of getting the answer, but to put a point more effectively.
Who dares to contradict me?
What is this life if full of care, we have no time to stand and stare?
Has not Helen of Troy been beautiful?
15) Exclamation
Exclamation is a figure in which explanatory from is used to draw greater attention to a point than a mere bold statement of it could be
Ex- How bravely he met his death!
What a glorious sunset!
16) Climax
Climax is the arrangement of a series of ideas in the order of increasing importance.
Ex- I come, I saw, I conquered.
At first he walked, then he ran, and at last he simply flew.
I smile, I laugh, I roar.
17) Anticlimax
This is the opposite to climax and signifies ludicrous descent from the higher to the lower.
Ex- I die, I faint, I fail
On the same day he lost his wife his children, his house and his dog.
18)Hyperbole
In Hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by over statement.
Ex- all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
She wept oceans of tears.
I loved Ophelia, forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up the sum.
19) Transferred Epithet
In this figure an epithet is transferred from its proper word to another that is closely associated with it in the sentence.
Ex- He got a fatal slip.
He passed a sleepless night.
20)Tautology
Tautology is the use of unnecessary words to express the same idea.
Ex- Finish it fully and completely.
Leave me alone in lonely isolation.
Repeat it again.
21) pun
It is a play upon words. Here one word carries or expresses two meanings.
Ex- A woman powers the face, while a soldier faces the power.
Is life worth living? That depends upon the liver.
Well Mr. Shepherd, where is your flock?
22) Alliteration
This consists in the repetition of the same letter or syllable at the beginning of Two or more words.
Ex- The snake slept under a spray.
Know faithful friend from flattering foe.
23) Onomatopoeia
It is the employment of the words that imitate the sound or echo the sense.
Ex- The thunder roared and lightning crashed.
The bull bellowed.
24) Allusion
It is an indirect hint or reference to some well known fact or story.
Ex- And palms before my feet.
25) Pathetic Fallacy
Here nature seems to express sympathy. Some natural phenomenon is taken as an expression of sympathy for the condition of human being.
Ex- The wind sighed and the cloud wept to see her grief.
And may there be no moving of the bar.
26) Innuendo
This figure consists in hinting a thing without plainly saying.
He did not consult physicians for he hoped to die without them.
27) Repetition
We know that repetition can sometimes be charming. Then it has figurative quality
Ex- A little grave
A little, little grave
Alone, alone all, all alone
Along on a wide wide sea Coleridge
28) Meiosis
As it belittles the importance of a person or thing, it is the opposite of hyperbole.
Ex- we are nothing before giants
All Time becomes no more than one night.
29) Anastrophe
This simply means changing the prose order to suit the needs of poetry, to produce a striking effect. It is also called inversion.
Ex- Loud roared the thunder
In this dark world and wide.
भाषेचे अलंकार
1) simile उपमा
A direct comparison between two different objects is called simile.
दोन भिन्न गोष्टीतील साम्य वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला उपमा अलंकार म्हणतात.
अशा वाक्यात like, as, so अशा तुलनादर्शक शब्दांचा वापर केला जातो.
Ex- Suresh is as strong as ramesh
I was wondering like a cloud over the deep valley.
It is as clear as crystal.
Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild.
Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green.
White as a feather and white as a cloud
Tanaji fought like a lion.
The city come on growing like wilderness
Life is just like a dream to us.
Her face is like a red rose.
They behave like wild animals.
Tagore's poems are like the message of God.
The old man looks like a sage.
The meandering road lies like a shaped carpet made from the hides of spotted deer.
The God like speed which throbbed in this white wing.
2) metaphor रुपक
Metaphor is an implied simile in which there is comparison of one thing with another without the words like or as.
दोन वस्तू एकरुप किंवा अभिन्न असल्याचे वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला रुपक अलंकार असे म्हणतात.
Ex- Love is a thorn if youth is a rose.
Ministers are the pillars of the state.
The camel is the ship of the desert.
Mirror is the eye of little God.
My mother is a goddess.
Tea is the nector to the earth.
Life is a dream.
Such is our mother earth my brother's land.
3) personification चेतनगुणोक्ती
Personification is a figure in which objects without life are spoken of as having the qualities of human beings.
निसर्गातील निर्जीव वस्तू सजीव आहेत अशी कल्पना करुन ती मानवाप्रमाणे वागतात, असे वर्णन करणार्या अलंकाराला चेतनगुणोक्ती अलंकार असे म्हणतात.
Ex- death lays his icy hands on kings.
Anxiety is sitting on his face.
The hills rejoice and clap their hands.
In the mean time life steals away.
The city goes on growing.
The bird carries a message.
The cuckoo flies with the forecast of rain.
Come little leaves said the wind one day.
The tree king shouted.
Light retreats
World you are beautifully drest
The city climbs the bare mountain
Land of our birth we pledge to the thee
Coldly gaped the moon
Stars danced in the sky.
The wind howls.
The apple tree said
Winter had called them.
The snow laid a coverlet over their heads.
4) Apostrophe परोक्षसंबोधन
An apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent or to a personified object or idea.
मृत व्यक्ती, अनुपस्थित वस्तू, मनुष्यगुणांचा आरोप असणार्या वस्तू किंवा कल्पना यांचा उल्लेख करणार्या अलंकाराला परोक्षसंबोधन अलंकार म्हणतात.
Ex- O liberty! What crimes have been made in the name.
Death, be not proud.
Frailty, thy name is woman.
O Duty, stern daughter of the voice of God.
Good bye, my dear old home.
Bapu, India is in need of you today.
O motherland, we pledge to thee.
Cricket, good bye, we've been friends so long!
5) Antithesis
In Antithesis, there is a striking opposition of contrast of words or feelings. It is employed to secure emphasis.
Ex- well begun is half done.
Man proposes, God disposes.
Many are called, few are chosen.
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
A jack of all trades but master of none.
6) Epigram
An Epigram is a brief pointed saying frequently introducing antithetical ideas which excite surprises and arrest attention.
It closely resembles a proverb.
Ex- they also serve who only stand and wait.
Failures are pillars of success
A favourite has no friend.
Familiarity breeds contempt.
7) Paradox
Paradox is a figure of speech in which a truth is conveyed under the form of an apparent absurdity or contradiction.
Ex- Our sweetest songs are those that tell us saddest thoughts.
The king is dead, long live the king.
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
More haste, less speed.
When all speak, never hear.
He is the best teacher who teaches least.
8) Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a figure in which two contradictory qualities are predicted at once of the same thing.
Ex- parting is such sweet sorrow.
He is regularly irregular.
He is idly busy
He is an honorable villain.
The bride's mother felt a pleasing distress.
The test match is a friendly strife.
9) Irony
Here words are used with opposite intention. We mean the opposite of what we say and that intention is clear.
Ex- he left me to the tender mercies of my enemy.
What a fine mess of things you have made!
I fear I wrong the honorable men whose daggers have stabbed Caesar.
10) Euphemism
In this figure unpleasant or bad things are spoken in mild words and pleasant manners.
Ex- he does not keep very exact accounts.
You are telling me a fairy tale.
He is a queer person.
11) litotes
It is the use of a negative to express a strong affirmative of the opposite kind.
Ex- I am not a little surprised.
Life is not a bed of roses.
The man is no fool.
I am a citizen of no mean city.
12) Metonymy
It means a change of names and
is so called because in this figure a thing is spoken of not by its own name but by any other name.
Ex- I have read Shakespeare.
The school is coming out.
I like the cup that cheers.
Hitler showered death on London.
Synecdoche
By this figure one noun is changed for another of a similar meaning
Ex- he was put in irons.
Many hands make light work.
He is the ceaser of the age.
He lived twenty summers.
14) Interrogation
Interrogation is the asking of a question not for the sake of getting the answer, but to put a point more effectively.
Who dares to contradict me?
What is this life if full of care, we have no time to stand and stare?
Has not Helen of Troy been beautiful?
15) Exclamation
Exclamation is a figure in which explanatory from is used to draw greater attention to a point than a mere bold statement of it could be
Ex- How bravely he met his death!
What a glorious sunset!
16) Climax
Climax is the arrangement of a series of ideas in the order of increasing importance.
Ex- I come, I saw, I conquered.
At first he walked, then he ran, and at last he simply flew.
I smile, I laugh, I roar.
17) Anticlimax
This is the opposite to climax and signifies ludicrous descent from the higher to the lower.
Ex- I die, I faint, I fail
On the same day he lost his wife his children, his house and his dog.
18)Hyperbole
In Hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by over statement.
Ex- all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
She wept oceans of tears.
I loved Ophelia, forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up the sum.
19) Transferred Epithet
In this figure an epithet is transferred from its proper word to another that is closely associated with it in the sentence.
Ex- He got a fatal slip.
He passed a sleepless night.
20)Tautology
Tautology is the use of unnecessary words to express the same idea.
Ex- Finish it fully and completely.
Leave me alone in lonely isolation.
Repeat it again.
21) pun
It is a play upon words. Here one word carries or expresses two meanings.
Ex- A woman powers the face, while a soldier faces the power.
Is life worth living? That depends upon the liver.
Well Mr. Shepherd, where is your flock?
22) Alliteration
This consists in the repetition of the same letter or syllable at the beginning of Two or more words.
Ex- The snake slept under a spray.
Know faithful friend from flattering foe.
23) Onomatopoeia
It is the employment of the words that imitate the sound or echo the sense.
Ex- The thunder roared and lightning crashed.
The bull bellowed.
24) Allusion
It is an indirect hint or reference to some well known fact or story.
Ex- And palms before my feet.
25) Pathetic Fallacy
Here nature seems to express sympathy. Some natural phenomenon is taken as an expression of sympathy for the condition of human being.
Ex- The wind sighed and the cloud wept to see her grief.
And may there be no moving of the bar.
26) Innuendo
This figure consists in hinting a thing without plainly saying.
He did not consult physicians for he hoped to die without them.
27) Repetition
We know that repetition can sometimes be charming. Then it has figurative quality
Ex- A little grave
A little, little grave
Alone, alone all, all alone
Along on a wide wide sea Coleridge
28) Meiosis
As it belittles the importance of a person or thing, it is the opposite of hyperbole.
Ex- we are nothing before giants
All Time becomes no more than one night.
29) Anastrophe
This simply means changing the prose order to suit the needs of poetry, to produce a striking effect. It is also called inversion.
Ex- Loud roared the thunder
In this dark world and wide.
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